{"references":[{"key":"SIA_480","citation":"SIA 480:2016. Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung für Investitionen im Hochbau. Schweizerischer Ingenieur- und Architektenverein, Zürich.","url":"https://shop.sia.ch/normenwerk/architekt/sia%20480/d/2016/D/Product","used_for":"PRIMARY economic method. The Swiss standard for assessing the economic efficiency of building investments: net present value (Barwert) and the annuity method (Annuität), and the requirement that investment costs include operation, maintenance, renewal and disposal."},{"key":"SWISSOLAR_2025","citation":"Swissolar (2025). Batteriespeicher mit Photovoltaik 2025. Schweizerischer Fachverband für Sonnenenergie, Zürich. Preisangaben aus der Swissolar-Mitgliederbefragung Dezember 2024 (n = 178).","url":"https://www.swissolar.ch/02_markt-politik/batteriesmonitor/130525_batteriespeicher_bericht_sws.pdf","used_for":"PRIMARY source for Swiss battery cost defaults: average end-customer price of ~800 CHF per kWh installed capacity (Dec 2024), and the worked example of CHF 6400 purchase + CHF 1300 installation for a 10 kWh system at 6000 cycles and 90% depth of discharge. Also the source of the simple (undiscounted) storage cost figure of 14.5 Rp/kWh that this service reproduces."},{"key":"ELCOM_TARIFF","citation":"Eidgenössische Elektrizitätskommission ElCom. Strompreis-Tarifdaten der schweizerischen Verteilnetzbetreiber (Elektrizitätstarife).","url":"https://www.strompreis.elcom.admin.ch/","used_for":"Electricity purchase price components (Energie, Netznutzung, Abgaben, KEV) used as the default retail tariff; supplied per building by the SEP API. The ~29 Rp/kWh Swiss average default is the ElCom 2025 figure as cited by Swissolar (2025)."},{"key":"BFE_ENERGIERECHT_2025","citation":"Bundesamt für Energie BFE (2024). Faktenblatt: Neuerungen im Energierecht ab 2025. Bundesgesetz über eine sichere Stromversorgung mit erneuerbaren Energien, angenommen am 9. Juni 2024; Verordnungen präzisiert am 20.11.2024.","url":"https://pubdb.bfe.admin.ch/de/publication/download/11913","used_for":"Legal basis for the shared-battery portfolio mode: Zusammenschluss zum Eigenverbrauch (ZEV) and its revision under the Energiegesetz, in force 1 January 2025, including the virtual ZEV (vZEV) and the local electricity community (LEG). Determines which buildings may legally share one battery."},{"key":"BFE_SOLARBATTERIEN_2020","citation":"EBP Schweiz AG im Auftrag des Bundesamts für Energie BFE (2020). Solarbatterien für Privatkunden - Eine Marktstudie. Schlussbericht, Dezember 2020.","url":"https://pubdb.bfe.admin.ch/de/publication/download/10365","used_for":"Federal market study on residential battery storage in Switzerland: system sizing practice, price levels and the drivers of profitability for private customers. Corroborates the cost structure used here."},{"key":"ENERGIESCHWEIZ_BATTERIESPEICHER","citation":"EnergieSchweiz / Bundesamt für Energie BFE. Stationäre Batteriespeicher - Grundlagen, Anwendungen und Wirtschaftlichkeit.","url":"https://www.bfe.admin.ch/bfe/de/home/forschung-und-cleantech/forschungsprogramme/batterien.html","used_for":"Swiss reference for stationary battery terminology and system boundaries (usable vs rated capacity, system efficiency, standby consumption) and the earlier Swiss price survey (2016/2017: 1000-2500 CHF/kWh) that establishes the price trend."},{"key":"HAN_2021_CH","citation":"Han, X., Garrison, J., Hug, G. (2021). Techno-economic analysis of PV-battery systems in Switzerland. ETH Zürich, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering / Research Center for Energy Networks. arXiv:2103.16298.","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.16298","used_for":"Swiss techno-economic framing: customer segmentation by annual consumption, rooftop size, irradiation and location; payback-period behaviour to 2050 and the sensitivity of the investment case to tariff structure."},{"key":"BFE_SPEICHERBEDARF_2026","citation":"ZHAW, HSLU und Consentec im Auftrag des Bundesamts für Energie BFE (2026). Bedarf an Energiespeichern (Studie zur Wirtschaftlichkeit von Speichern im Schweizer Energiesystem).","url":"https://energeiaplus.com/2026/02/03/studie-zeigt-grossbatterien-und-waermespeicher-sind-wirtschaftlich-am-sinnvollsten/","used_for":"Independent Swiss corroboration of this service's typical result: residential home storage raises self-consumption for the owner but is not economically efficient from a system perspective at current Swiss prices and tariffs."},{"key":"LUTHANDER_2015","citation":"Luthander, R., Widén, J., Nilsson, D., Palm, J. (2015). Photovoltaic self-consumption in buildings: A review. Applied Energy 142, 80-94.","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261914012859","used_for":"Peer-reviewed formulation of the self-consumption and self-sufficiency ratios and of the maximise-self-consumption battery dispatch strategy. Swiss practice (ElCom / VSE metering, 15-minute Eigenverbrauch) uses the same definitions; this is retained as the citable derivation, not as a competing convention."},{"key":"VDI_2067_1","citation":"VDI 2067 Blatt 1 (2012-09). Wirtschaftlichkeit gebäudetechnischer Anlagen - Grundlagen und Kostenberechnung. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure.","url":"https://www.vdi.de/richtlinien/details/vdi-2067-blatt-1-wirtschaftlichkeit-gebaeudetechnischer-anlagen-grundlagen-und-kostenberechnung-1","used_for":"SECONDARY to SIA 480, retained for its explicit symbol set and formulas: the annuity factor a, the price-dynamic present value factor b, and the split into capital-, demand-, operation-bound and other costs. SIA 480 prescribes the same two methods (Barwert and Annuität); VDI 2067 is what the implementation's variable names follow."},{"key":"ASTM_E1049","citation":"ASTM E1049-85 (Reapproved 2023). Standard Practices for Cycle Counting in Fatigue Analysis. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.","url":"https://store.astm.org/e1049-85r23.html","used_for":"Rainflow cycle counting applied to the state-of-charge trajectory to derive cycle depths and equivalent full cycles. No Swiss or European equivalent exists: this is the reference fatigue-counting standard, used across the battery-ageing literature."},{"key":"IEC_62933_2_1","citation":"IEC 62933-2-1:2017, adopted in Switzerland as SN EN IEC 62933-2-1 (SNV). Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 2-1: Unit parameters and testing methods - General specification.","url":"https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/26603","used_for":"Terminology for rated energy, usable energy, depth of discharge and round-trip efficiency. International, but adopted into the Swiss body of standards by the Schweizerische Normen-Vereinigung, so it is the Swiss-applicable terminology."},{"key":"BVES_EFFIZIENZLEITFADEN_2019","citation":"BVES / BSW-Solar (2019). Effizienzleitfaden für PV-Speichersysteme, Version 2.0, Ausgabe 04/2019. Bundesverband Energiespeicher Systeme e.V. / Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V.","url":"https://www.bves.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Effizienzleitfaden_fuer_PV-Speichersysteme_2.0.pdf","used_for":"Measurement PROCEDURE for system-level efficiency, standby consumption and control efficiency, and the System Performance Index. No Swiss test procedure covers this; Swiss and German residential storage products are the same market, so the German measurement convention is the applicable one."},{"key":"HTW_STROMSPEICHER_2024","citation":"HTW Berlin (2024). Stromspeicher-Inspektion 2024. Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin, Forschungsgruppe Solarspeichersysteme.","url":"https://solar.htw-berlin.de/wp-content/uploads/HTW-Stromspeicher-Inspektion-2024.pdf","used_for":"Independently MEASURED round-trip efficiency and standby consumption of commercial residential storage systems. Used for the efficiency defaults because no Swiss laboratory publishes an equivalent product-level measurement series, and the products sold in both markets are the same."},{"key":"SCHMIDT_2019","citation":"Schmidt, O., Melchior, S., Hawkes, A., Staffell, I. (2019). Projecting the Future Levelized Cost of Electricity Storage Technologies. Joule 3(1), 81-100.","url":"https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(18)30583-X","used_for":"DISCOUNTED levelised cost of storage, including the cost of the energy used to charge. Reported alongside the simple undiscounted figure computed the Swiss industry way (Swissolar 2025), so a reader can compare against either."},{"key":"NREL_BLAST_LITE","citation":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). BLAST-Lite: Battery Lifetime Analysis and Simulation Tool (Lite), SWR-22-69.","url":"https://github.com/NREL/BLAST-Lite","used_for":"Structure of the semi-empirical lithium-ion ageing model: calendar ageing as a function of temperature and state of charge, cyclic ageing as a function of cycle depth and throughput. No Swiss institution publishes an equivalent openly-parameterised ageing model; the cycle-life default itself is taken from the Swiss source (Swissolar 2025: 6000 cycles)."}],"note":"Every formula and default in this service is taken from one of these sources. A value without a reference does not belong in the service."}